Interspecific mating of the introduced bumblebee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus terrestris</Emphasis> and the native Japanese bumblebee <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis</Emphasis> results in inviable hybrids

The bumblebee Bombus terrestris is not only an effective pollinator, but also a potential invasive alien species outside its native range. Recently, nearly 30% of queens of the Japanese native species Bombus hypocrita sapporoensis and B. hypocrita hypocrita were estimated to copulate with B. terrestris males in the field, suggesting that indigenous bumblebees could be genetically deteriorated through hybrid production with the introduced species. In this study, we evaluated hybrid production between the introduced B. terrestris and the indigenous B. hypocrita sapporoensis under laboratory conditions. The hatching rate of eggs derived from interspecific matings was 0% and 8.6% depending on the direction of the cross, which was significantly lower than that from intraspecific matings of B. terrestris (76.9%) and B. hypocrita sapporoensis (78.9%). Genetic studies using microsatellite markers revealed that both haploid and diploid individuals were present in the egg stage, whereas all hatched larvae were haploid. In addition, histological studies revealed that eggs derived from interspecific matings terminated development 2 days after oviposition. These results strongly suggested that eggs derived from interspecific matings are inviable due to post-mating isolation mechanisms. Mass release of exotic pollinators could cause serious population declines of native bumblebee species.     

Separation of plastic mixtures using liquid-fluidized bed technology

Separation of heavier-than-water plastic mixtures had been investigated via the fluidization of their packed beds induced by an upward flow of water. The samples examined were resin pellets and crushed plastic products including PVC, PET and PBT. On the onset of a flow, a mixed bed was swelled to the state of fluidization and separated into layers of respective resins depending on their density. The effects of the flow rate, an amount of the samples and their density difference were examined on the separation of resin pellets. Under an appropriate condition, the process was completed within a few minutes, and satisfactory separation was attained when the density difference of the samples exceeded 0.05 g cm-3. By using a column equipped with several sample outlets sorted resins could be recovered with their purity intact by withdrawing each layer successively from above through a suitable outlet. Multi-stage separation was also found to be effective in treating close-density samples. Compared with uniform-sized resin pellets, size distribution of crushed plastic samples deteriorated the separation to some extent.     

Development of a accelerated solvent extraction and gel permeation chromatography analytical method for measuring persistent organohalogen compounds in adipose and organ tissue analysis

A new analytical method has been developed for the quantification of 59 different persistent organohalogen compounds, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PCB metabolites, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in biological organ tissues. The optimum extraction and cleanup procedures were examined using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), automated gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on Biobeads S-X3 and automated solid phase extraction (SPE) on silica-gel. The target compounds were divided into two fractions, non-polar compounds and more polar compounds, which in the latter fraction was subsequently methylated using diazomethane. Detection can be achieved by GC/MS in negative chemical ionization (NCI) mode. The average recoveries of the compounds spiked in swine liver, heart, kidney, and cattle adipose tissues were considered satisfactory, and it was confirmed that the method could be used in routine analysis.     

木棉生物炭对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性和机制研究

选取木棉为原材料,在不同温度下制备成生物炭.实验考察了溶液初始pH、不同热解温度及生物炭投加量对吸附效果的影响,并利用吸附动力学、吸附等温线及SEM-EDS、FTIR、XPS、Zeta电位等手段研究木棉生物炭对水溶液Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附特性及吸附机理.结果表明,热解温度为400℃,固液比为2∶1,pH=2.0时,木棉生物炭对水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果最好.吸附动力学和吸附等温线结果显示,颗粒内扩散方程和Langmuir模型更能较好地拟合吸附过程.由Langmuir模型可以看出,400、550、700℃热解温度下制备的木棉生物炭对水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的最大吸附量分别为25.325、20.602、19.616 mg·g^-1.FTIR和Zeta结果表明,木棉生物炭主要通过官能团络合和静电吸附作用去除水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）.XPS分析结果显示,生物炭表面大部分Cr（Ⅵ）被还原为Cr（Ⅲ）,其中,Cr（Ⅵ）占比为26.6%,Cr（Ⅲ）占比为73.4%.研究表明,木棉生物炭作为去除水溶液中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附剂具有较大的应用潜力.     

黔南州重安江流域水环境现状及成因分析

从流域尺度研究黔南州重安江水环境质量变化特征,分析流域水环境现状.结果表明:黔南州重安江流域水质在2018年前总体较差,干流除黑塘桥断面外均在2018年消除劣Ⅴ类水体,支流五里桥断面水质在2019年达到Ⅲ类,川恒公司排口下游断面水质在2020年达到Ⅲ类,流域水环境时空异质性显著,上游水质总体优于下游.从超标污染物来看,...     

Immobilization of B,F, Cr,and As in alkaline coal fly ash through an aging process with water

Fourteen different alkaline coal fly ashes (CFAs) were used for the experiment, in which each sample was mixed with water to be 28.6 % of water content (wt/wt) and aged for 1–4 weeks at 10–30 °C. This simple treatment is advantageous for decreases in water-soluble B, F, Cr, and As. Compared to non-aged CFAs, their water-soluble fractions remained 0.56–88 %, 21–85 %, 0.37–93 % and 2.6–88 %, respectively, after aging for a week at 20 °C, although the amounts of Cr and As released from some CFA samples increased. Considering the significant decrease in elution of sulfate, Ca and Al after aging, the immobilization, namely prevention of toxic element elution, could be related to formation of secondary minerals such as portlandite, gypsum and ettringite. Immobilization of B and Cr tends to proceed preferentially under colder conditions. Aging at higher temperatures enhances the leachability of Cr in some CFA samples. Contrary to the behavior of B and Cr, water-soluble F effectively decreases under warmer conditions.     

An assessment of global warming and biodiversity: CGE EMEDA analyses

Environmental Economics and Policy Studies - Genetic resources have been widely used for agricultural animal breeding, drug development, and biomaterials. Coherent assessments of global warming on...     

柴油机SCR催化器载体结构参数优化

提出一种柴油机选择催化还原（SCR）催化器载体结构参数优化的设计方法，根据车用柴油机排量，将SCR催化器载体分为4类，选取载体体积、长度、目数、壁厚和涂层厚5个结构参数为设计变量，以高NO。转化率及低压力损失为优化目标，利用拉丁超立方实验设计选择样本点进行数值模拟，在构建的Kriging近似模型基础上，对载体结构参数采用改进的非支配排序遗传算法NSGA—II（non—dominatedsortinggeneticalgorithm—II）进行优化设计。结果表明：Kriging近似模型的拟合精度较高，结合NSGA—II算法对SCR催化器载体结构参数进行优化是可行的、有效的，不同排量下的优化结果均能够较好地满足设计要求。     

厦门市城市绿地雨洪减排效应评价

城市绿地在对雨水的渗透、滞留和调蓄方面具有非常显著的作用,能够有效削减城市的雨洪流量,缓解内涝压力.以海绵城市试点——厦门市为典型区,在日降雨数据、土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、城市绿地空间分布数据和城市建成区空间范围数据等多源数据的支撑下,系统评价了厦门市建成区城市绿地的雨洪减排效应.其中,雨洪减排效应的实物量通过SCS（Soil Conservation Service）模型进行评估,价值量则利用替代市场法进行估算.结果表明:2010年厦门市单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为262.28 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为4 385.40×104 m3,减排服务价值为2.75×108元;2015年单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为335.77 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为7 634.37×104 m3,减排服务价值为5.49×108元.城市绿地面积、降水量及其时程分配是影响城市绿地雨洪减排效应的关键因子,在其共同驱动下,2015年厦门市城市绿地的雨洪减排效应较2010年显著增加.研究显示,SCS模型在数据输入和参数率定等方面具有显著优势,能够在地理空间上连续模拟厦门市整个建成区的产流量,进而实现行政区单元和城市绿地类型单元雨洪减排效应的双重评价,3种城市绿地类型（乔木、灌木和草本）单位面积的雨洪减排效应并无明显差异,受绿地面积支配,厦门市80%的城市绿地雨洪减排效应由乔木绿地产生.      

Determination of 1‐octanol/water partition coefficients of isocyanate compounds by an HPLC method

The octanol/water partition coefficients (P _ow) of six monoisocyanate and five diisocyanate compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) methods. Two HPLC peaks, a broad tailed peak followed by a sharp one, were observed with all compounds. The later peak was identified as the isocyanate compound. The P _ow value for each isocyanate compound was determined by fitting the capacity factor of the peak to the regression equation drawn from those of reference compounds. The hydrophobic substituent constants for the isocyanate group were calculated with each of the compounds. The value of this constant was strongly dependent on the type of carbon bound to the isocyanate group and the average values for the aromatic and aliphatic isocyanate groups were 0.35 and — 0.52, respectively. Because of the reactivity of those compounds in the aquatic environment, the P _ow has little relevance to calculation of their environmental fate and ecotoxicity.